Passive Voice

 What is Passive Voice?

• The passive voice is when the subject of the sentence is acted upon by the verb.

Structure:

•     Object + Auxiliary Verb (to be) + Past Participle + (by + Subject)

Example:
Active: The chef cooked the meal.
Passive: The meal was cooked by the chef.

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Why Use Passive Voice?

• Focus on the action: The emphasis shifts from who performed the action to what happened.
• Unknown or irrelevant subject: When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
  Example: "The windows were broken."

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How to Form Passive Voice

1. Identify the object of the active sentence.
2. Move the object to the subject position.
3. Add the correct form of the verb "to be" + past participle.
4. Optionally, include "by" and the original subject.

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Examples of Passive Voice

• Active: Scientists discovered a new planet.
• Passive: A new planet was discovered by scientists.

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When to Avoid Passive Voice

• Overuse: Can make sentences wordy or vague.
• When clarity is needed: Active voice is often clearer and more direct.
• Example: "Mistakes were made." (Unclear responsibility)

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Class XIII

At the end of Phase F, students use oral texts, writing and visuals in various types of text with various contextual topics to communicate accordingly with the situation, goals and target audience/readers. Students produce oral, written and visual texts in structured English with vocabulary more diverse to discuss and convey desires/feelings/opinions. Students understand spoken, written, and visual texts for learning something/get information and for entertainment. Their understanding of the text deepens. Inference skills are implied when understanding information, and the ability to evaluate various types of texts in the language England has developed.

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Adjective order

Do you use a lot of adjectives to describe things?

If you do, then you need to make sure it is in the right order.
Which one is correct:
· A) There are five big dogs.
· B) There are big five dogs.

The order of the adjectives is:
1. Quantity/number
2. Quality (such as “good” or “bad”)
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Age
6. Color
7. Nationality
8. Material

If you have an opinion, you can put it first, since it is the most important piece of information !

Adjective words:
· Quantity/number: one, two, three, four, five
· Quality (such as “good” or “bad”): best, good, standard, bad, terrible
· Size: small, big, tiny, tall, short
· Shape: straight, round, square, oval, flat
· Age: old, young, new, ancient, youthful
· Color: red, blue, green, pink, black
· Nationality: American, Japanese, Taiwanese, Canadian, Spanish
· Material: wooden, plastic, glass, brass, metal




























































More examples:

· The two small young white cats walked across the street.

· The short Japanese man was waiting for the bus.

· The best British wool sweaters are sold here.

· My mom bought me a beautiful, long, new, sleek, burgundy, Irish, woolen scarf.

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Jenis-jenis membaca

Terdapat berbagai jenis-jenis membaca yang dilakukan berdasarkan tujuan yang berbeda-beda. Mulai dari membaca skimming, scanning, membaca intensif, hingga membaca ekstensif. Beberapa jenis membaca ini dilakukan dengan teknik berbeda yang memudahkan Anda untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan.

Ini merupakan dasar kemampuan yang perlu Anda ketahui. Dengan mengetahui berbagai jenis-jenis membaca dan tekniknya, Anda bisa menyesuaikan kebutuhan. Seperti ketika Anda memerlukan informasi atau petunjuk dengan cepat, Anda bisa menggunakan teknik membaca tertentu yang memudahkan Anda mendapatkan informasi dengan cepat dan efisien.

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Cause and Effect

 1. Cause and Effect followed by Noun

• Because of
• Thanks
• As a result of
• Due to
• As a consequence of
• Owing to

Commonly used sentence structures are as follows:

• Signal words + Cause + Effect

• Effect + Signal words + Cause

Examples :

1. Due to Alfy's cheating, he got a D from the lecturer.
2. He always gets punished because of his waking up late habits.
3. As a result of heavy rain, we canceled the camping event.

2. Cause and Effect Followed by Subject + Verb

    Signal words that are commonly used are:

• Because
• Since
• As
• For

 The sentence pattern is the same, namely:

• Signal words + Cause + Effect

• Effect + Signal words + Cause

Examples :

1. I didn’t go to Devi’s house because she was doing her office task.
2. My boyfriend and I canceled our date since he was playing games with his friends.
3. As it is still raining, we have to go home wearing our raincoats.

Examples :
Because of :  Used to explain the reason for something.

        Example: The flight was delayed because of the storm.
Thanks to : Often used to express gratitude or positive outcomes.
        Example: We arrived on time thanks to the clear weather.
As a result of : Indicates a direct consequence.
        Example: As a result of the new policy, productivity increased. 

Due to : Similar to “because of,” often used in more formal contexts.
        Example: The match was canceled due to heavy rain.
As a consequence of : Implies a direct effect or outcome.
        Example: As a consequence of his actions, the project was delayed.
Owing to : Used similarly to “due to,” often in formal contexts.
        Example: The event was postponed owing to unforeseen circumstances.
Because : Simple and direct reason-giving.
        Example: She left early because she was feeling sick.
Since : Can imply time or causation, depending on context.
        Example: Since the meeting was rescheduled, we have more time to prepare.
As : Can indicate causation or reason, often used in conjunction with a verb.
        Example: As the traffic was heavy, we arrived late.
For : More formal, often used in writing or speech.
        Example: The project was postponed, for the team needed more time to complete it.

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Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense is used to describe actions that were completed before another action or point in the past. It allows us to show the order of events in the past.

 Structure of Past Perfect:

Positive Sentence:

• Subject + had + past participle (V3) + rest of the sentence

Example:

• She had finished her homework before the movie started.

Negative Sentence:

• Subject + had not (hadn't) + past participle (V3) + rest of the sentence

Example:

• They hadn't arrived at the party when I left.

Interrogative Sentence:

• Had + subject + past participle (V3) + rest of the sentence?

Example:

• Had she eaten dinner before you called her?

When to use Past Perfect:

1. To show that one action happened before another in the past: The Past Perfect is used for the earlier action, and the Simple Past for the later action.

Example:

• He had left the office before I arrived. (First: He left the office. Then: I arrived.)
1. To emphasize completion of an action in the past: The Past Perfect can also emphasize that something was completed before something else happened.

Example:

• By the time she was 20, she had traveled to 15 countries.

Examples in Different Contexts:

1. Sequencing two past events:
• When I reached the station, the train had already left. (First: The train left. Then: I reached the station.)
2. Explaining reasons:
• She didn’t pass the test because she hadn't studied enough. (Reason for not passing: she didn’t study enough earlier.)
3. Reported speech (indirect speech):
• He said that he had seen the movie before. (In direct speech: "I saw the movie before.")
4. Conditional Sentences (Third Conditional):
• If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam. (Imaginary past situation.)

 

Common Time Expressions Used with Past Perfect:

• Before: She had finished her work before he arrived.
• After: They went home after they had eaten.
• By the time: By the time we got to the theater, the movie had already started.
• When: When I woke up, the sun had already risen.
• Already: She had already left when I called her.

Comparison with Simple Past:

• Past Perfect: Used to refer to the earlier of two past actions.
• Simple Past: Used to refer to the later action.

Example:

• Past Perfect: I had eaten dinner before they arrived.
• Simple Past: They arrived, and then I ate dinner. (Simple Past)

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Practice Examples:

1. By the time we got to the store, it had closed.
2. They had lived in the city for five years before moving to the countryside.
3. Had you ever been to that museum before it closed down?
4. She had never met him until the party last night.
5. If they had known about the traffic, they would have left earlier.

 

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Past continuous tense

 

The past continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that were happening at a specific moment in the past. It emphasizes the continuity of the action, indicating that it was ongoing at that time.

Structure:

• Subject + was/were + verb(-ing)

Rules:

1. Use of "was" or "were":
• Was is used with singular subjects (I, he, she, it).
• Were is used with plural subjects (we, you, they) and also with you (singular).

Examples:

1. Affirmative Sentences:
• I was reading a book when the phone rang.
• They were playing football at 4 PM yesterday.
• She was cooking dinner while I was watching TV.
2. Negative Sentences:
• I was not sleeping when you called.
• We were not talking during the meeting.
• He wasn't working on his project last night.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions):
• Was she studying at 10 PM last night?
• Were they playing outside when it started to rain?
• Was I doing the right thing by leaving early?

Uses of Past Continuous Tense:

1. Action in Progress at a Specific Time in the Past:
• At 8 PM last night, I was watching a movie.
• What were you doing at this time yesterday?
2. Two Simultaneous Actions in the Past:
• I was cooking dinner while she was setting the table.
• The kids were playing while we were cleaning the house.
3. Interrupted Actions:
• I was reading a book when the lights went out.
• They were having dinner when the doorbell rang.
4. Background Description in Stories:
• It was raining heavily, and the wind was howling outside.
• The crowd was cheering, and the players were celebrating their victory.

More Examples:

• She was waiting for the bus when it started raining.
• They were discussing the project while the manager was preparing the presentation.
• The dog was barking loudly when I entered the room.

 Key Points to Remember:

• The past continuous tense emphasizes the ongoing nature of an action.
• It is often used with "when" to describe an action that was interrupted.
• It can describe two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

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